MODULE ON INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON (MODULE 2)
Dear Students:
This module is good for two weeks plus another one week for your Prelim Project a total of three weeks. At the end of the 3 weeks please pass it back to me for checking. You can write me a letter if you wish to clarify something. The current situation due to pandemic made it impossible for us to see each other however Education must go on.
Dear Students:
This module is good for two weeks. At the end of two weeks please pass it back to me for checking. You can write me a letter if you wish to clarify something. The current situation due to pandemic made it impossible for us to see each other however Education must go on.
Pls open our You Tube channel Marilou Mendoza LNHS and our website for our Philosophy class is https://automendozaphilosophylnhs.car.blog/?fbclid=IwAR1wjE-LWQAdJOl9ToHRQzYi8pf-f_lXP49MOCzfOb4i9RV66nIK6y0kfho
Thank you. God bless you.
Your Philo teacher,
MARILOU D. MENDOZA
Your Philo teacher,
MARILOU D. MENDOZA
Attachment 4 Ways of doing philosophy, truth, fallacy and opinion
LESSON 4
Graded Activity 4 – get clippings or narrate examples of fake news (20pts.)
Fake news are dangerous it could ruin property, reputation and life. When a friend who is not a doctor would give opinion on cure of Corona virus, it could be fatal. Discernment is crucial in identifying fake news. Authority is very important. For example, a scientist is an authority in health and other sciences. Opinions can be true but facts are not demonstrated and sometimes cannot be verified as true of not. Opinions may help at time but evidences are important.
Statements and arguments can be discerned if it is true or just opinions. Moreover fallacies and fake news should be detected early on to avoid damages. There are rules in telling if news are fake or not by its source, argumentative structure, authority of the speaker and others.
Opinion–it is a mental estimate can be a belief or conviction, it is based on what seems probable or true but not on demonstrable fact
Truth – a statement of fact or an agreement with fact.
Fallacy: a type of mistake in argumentation that might appear to be correct, but which proves upon examination not to be so.
Examination 4 (10pts)
Tell whether the statement is opinion or truth.
- Angel Locsin is the most beautiful person in the world.
- Earth has one moon.
- Corona Virus has killed thousands of people worldwide’
- All presidents are intelligent.
- People are mortal.
LESSON 5
Inductive and deductive reasoning
Valid deductive argument as one in which the conclusion follows from the premiss(es) with logical necessity EXAMPLE
All LNHS students are cute. Mario is an LNHS students, therefore he is cute.
| Inductive reasoning comes from specific data to general EXAMPLE SCIENTIST CONCLUDED THAT VACCINE COULD PREVENT DESEASE BECAUSE IT IRADICATED INFECTIONS LIKE SMALL POX, POLIO, TETANUS AND OTHER DESEASE |
An example of inductive are scientific research while an example of deductive method are mathematical principle and syllogism in logic.
| The Difference between Deduction and Induction | |||
| Deduction: an argument whose premisses are claimed to provide conclusive evidence for the truth of its conclusion. In the beginning, it’s probably best to think of a good or valid deductive argument as one in which the conclusion follows from the premiss(es) with logical necessity. Note how the grammatical structure of this argument form makes the conclusion necessarily follow–not with probability, but with certainty. Most of the time they follow from the truths of mathematics, they follow from the truths of logic and they follow from the truths of the meanings of words Example. | |||
| All B is C. – ALL PETS ARE ATTRACTIVE All A is B.- ALL CATS ARE PETS All A is C.-THEREFORE, ALL CATS ARE ATTRACTIVE | |||
| B. Induction: arguments that establish the truth of the conclusion as probable or probably true. So, informally at least, an inductive argument claims its conclusion follows with some degree of probability. These sorts of arguments are often said to be empirical/scientific because they depend on observing the world. Inductive arguments can range in probability from very low to very high, but always less than 100%. Example of this are scientific studies that collect small data them make a generalization. |
EVALUATION 5 (10PTS)
Tell whether the arguments are deductive or inductive
- All human beings are political then women are political.
- I observe that snakes glides, cobra must glide also.
- None has been attacked by animals in the farm therefore farm animal are generally safe.
- All LNHS students memorize the mission statement of the school. Jonel as student of LNHS must memorize the mission statement of the school.
- The biologist concluded that stem cells cure many forms of sickness because of strong evidence.
- Scientist said that after an earthquake aftershocks can be observed.
- Therefore I conclude based on my experience that when I throw ball from above it will fall.
- When leaves dry up they turn brown as I observed in my garden.
- All birds have wings. Chicken is a bird, it must have wings.
- Every kid loves candy, I am a kid so I love candy
Activity 6 (10pts)
Name one radio, television or internet commercial and write the technique used by this commercials to promote their product.
DISCUSSION
Opinions about many things could lead to a lot of fallacies. Highly opinionated superstar could influence a lot of people. Sometimes this Movie stars promote illegal drugs which could make a lot of young people follow their idol. Like the use of Marijuana for example, some people promote them but authorities in many countries that its negative effect out weight the positive effect. So to say that Marijuana is good for the health this remains an opinion.
Different types of Fallacy
- Argumentum ad Ignorantiam- the fallacy that a proposition is true simply on the basis that it has not been proved false or that it is false simply because it has not been proved true.
Ex. No one can prove the existence of God, then God exist.
No one can prove the existence of God, then God does not
exist.
- Argumentum ad Verecundiam- the fallacy of appealing to the testimony of an authority outside his special field.
Example:Ghost exist because Einstien said so.
- Argumentum ad Hominem- the fallacy of attacking the character or circumstances of an individual who is advancing a statement or an argument instead of trying to disprove the truth of the statement or the soundness of the argument. Often the argument is characterized simply as a personal attack.
Ex. Remember you are a black candidate, how do you expect people to vote for you.
- Argumentum ad Populum – The fallacy of attempting to win popular assent to a conclusion by arousing the feeling and enthusiasms of the multitude. There are several variations of this fallacy, but we will emphasize two forms.
4.1 “Snob Appeal“: the fallacy of attempting to prove a conclusion by appealing to what an elite or a select few
Ex. Sarah Geronimo said only Bello can make you beautiful, well Sarah is a star then only Bello can make you beautiful.
- “Bandwagon“: the fallacy of attempting to prove a conclusion on the grounds that all or most people think or believe it is true.
EX. Most people believe in God so God must be true.
- “appeal to emotion“: the fallacy of using expressive and emotively laden language to arouse emotion in support of a conclusion.
Example: Only a real man drinks Tanduay.
- Argumentum ad Baculum – derives its strength from an appeal to human timidity or fear and is a fallacy when the appeal is not logically related to the claim being made. In other words, the emotion resulting from a threat rather than a pertinent reason is used to cause agreement with the purported conclusion of the argument.
Ex. If anyone rejects God then he will go to hell.
- Ignoratio Elenchi – the fallacy of proving a conclusion not pertinent and quite different from that which was intended or required.
Ex. Fight for your men, if you do not he will get married to another person.
- Complex Question – the fallacy of phrasing a question that, by the way it is worded, assumes something not contextually granted, assumes something not true, or assumes a false dichotomy.
Ex. Which of the boys are less evil.
- Petitio Principii -(circular reasoning, circular argument, begging the question) in general, the fallacy of assuming as a premiss a statement which has the same meaning as the conclusion.
Ex. A teacher is the a person that teaches.
- Converse Accident: (hasty generalization) the fallacy of considering certain exceptional cases and generalizing to a rule that fits them alone.
Ex. Mary got failing score in my test, then a lot of my students fail also.
- Argumentum ad Misericordiam (argument from pity or misery) the fallacy committed when pity or a related emotion such as sympathy or compassion is appealed to for the sake of getting a conclusion accepted.
Ex. I must be excuse from paying taxes because my job is harder and I have to travel very far to reach to my workplace.
EVALUATION 6 (10 pts)
Below are list of fallacious statements. Tell what fallacy is committed in each statement.
- Who are more dishonest, boys or girls? __________________________
- No man has seen the devil therefore there is no such thing. __________________________
- All Boholanos believe that earthquake will happen again soon, then it must happen. __________________________
- If you do not know your teacher’s name you will fail in his subject. __________________________
- Miley Cyrus said that there is no hell and heaven. __________________________
- Your grades in college were not good how could you claim that you are a genuine politician. __________________________
- Please buy from my store so that I can send my children to school. __________________________
- Use Axe, it will make you really seductive. __________________________
- I conclude that only female cry because men are not talkative. __________________________
- Only the best can own this condominium. __________________________
PRELIM PROJECT (40 PTS)
WRITE A LETTER OR MAKE A GIFT CARD ADRESSED TO YOUR SELF ASKING YOURSELF OF YOUR DEEPEST QUESTIONS AND MAKE A PROMISE TO YOURSELF AND WISH YOUR SELF WELL .(This must be placed in an envelope, you can always be artistic and expressive in this project}
Dear Students:
This project is good for one week. At the end of the week please pass it back to me for checking. You can write me a letter if you wish to clarify something. The current situation due to pandemic made it impossible for us to see each other however Education must go on.
Thank you. God bless you.
Your Philo teacher,
MARILOU D. MENDOZA
PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON 